Over the previous few many years, scientific analysis has painted a transparent and troubling image of the well being and social penalties of alcohol consumption. The World Well being Organisation (WHO) and quite a few nationwide well being authorities repeatedly warn of the dangers posed by alcoholic drinks. The information present that there is no such thing as a secure degree of consumption.
The risks embrace not solely severe sicknesses corresponding to most cancers and liver illness, but additionally a bunch of psychological issues, social issues and untimely deaths. The newest statistics – notably these from 2020 – reveal a pointy rise in alcohol-related hurt.
Alcohol as a carcinogenic substance
In 1988, the Worldwide Company for Analysis on Most cancers (IARC) labeled alcohol as a Group 1 carcinogen – the best threat class. This was a pivotal second within the research of alcohol-related well being dangers. The classification displays clear proof from human research: alcohol causes most cancers. The mechanisms by which alcohol triggers most cancers are various and sophisticated.
Alcohol is metabolised to acetaldehyde, a extremely poisonous by-product of ethanol that may injury DNA and provoke most cancers. Alcohol additionally will increase the manufacturing of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress and additional DNA injury.
Alcohol alters hormone ranges, particularly in girls, thereby elevating the chance of hormone-related cancers corresponding to breast most cancers. Furthermore, it weakens the immune system and impairs the absorption of vitamins corresponding to folate, amplifying its carcinogenic potential.
World most cancers statistics for 2020
The newest worldwide estimates for 2020, revealed in The Lancet Oncology, paint a worrying image of the hyperlink between alcohol consumption and most cancers.
Based on the research carried out by the IARC, roughly 741,300 new most cancers instances (95% uncertainty interval: 558,500–951,200) had been instantly attributable to alcohol.1
This determine represents 4.1% (3.1–5.3%) of all cancers identified worldwide in 2020. These statistics underscore the truth that alcohol is likely one of the main preventable threat elements for most cancers.2
The geographical unfold of those instances is uneven. The best proportions of alcohol-attributable cancers (so-called population-attributable fractions, PAFs) had been recorded amongst males in East Asia (9%) and Central & Japanese Europe (8%), and amongst girls in Central & Japanese Europe, Australia/New Zealand and Western Europe (every 3%).
The bottom PAFs had been present in North Africa and Western Asia, the place alcohol consumption is mostly decrease for cultural and spiritual causes. These regional variations spotlight how powerfully cultural norms and societal acceptance of alcohol affect the most cancers burden.
Alcohol-related cancers carry a heavy financial price ticket. A 2018 WHO research estimated that untimely deaths linked to those cancers value the EU €4.58 billion. This determine doesn’t even cowl the total invoice – hospital stays, medical remedies, misplaced working days and productiveness losses from different alcohol-related harms are all additional.3
Alcohol causes an enormous variety of most cancers instances and poses a significant public-health problem. The WHO recommends larger alcohol taxes, lowered availability and a ban on alcohol promoting.4
Most cancers varieties with a excessive threat from alcohol consumption
Scientific proof reveals that alcohol consumption will increase the chance of not less than seven varieties of most cancers.5
A 2020 world research recognized the cancers with the best variety of alcohol-attributable instances: oesophageal most cancers with roughly 189,700 instances, liver most cancers with 154,700 instances, and breast most cancers in girls with 98,300 instances.6
These three cancers account for a big share of the alcohol-related most cancers burden. The hyperlink is obvious: oesophageal most cancers arises from direct contact with alcohol, liver most cancers through alcohol-induced cirrhosis, and breast most cancers by way of raised oestrogen ranges.
Additional cancers embrace colorectal and oral-cavity cancers. In 2020, the EU noticed roughly 36,900 new alcohol-attributable instances of colorectal most cancers and 12,400 of oral-cavity most cancers. Mouth, pharynx and larynx cancers are additionally closely affected, as alcohol causes direct tissue injury. Alcohol is harmful as a result of it triggers cancers all through the physique.
There isn’t any secure consumption
Newest analysis reveals: Even reasonable alcohol consumption is dangerous to well being. The worldwide research from 2020 states that mild to reasonable consumption (as much as 20 grams of alcohol per day, roughly one to 2 drinks) brought about over 100,000 new most cancers instances worldwide.7
That’s about one-seventh of all alcohol-related most cancers instances. Many consider {that a} day by day glass of wine or beer is innocent and even wholesome – that is mistaken. Science clearly reveals: There isn’t any secure degree of alcohol consumption in the case of most cancers. Any quantity of alcohol will increase the chance of most cancers.8
The research divides consumption into classes: 86% of most cancers instances stem from dangerous or heavy consuming (over 20 grams per day). However even as much as 10 grams of alcohol per day (about one drink) led to 41,300 most cancers instances. Prevention campaigns should handle not solely alcoholism but additionally the dangers of reasonable consuming. The clear message: To cut back most cancers threat, abstaining from alcohol is the most secure possibility.9 10
Alcohol is a significant reason behind early deaths worldwide. The WHO states that many individuals die every year as a result of their alcohol consumption. These deaths have an effect on not solely a particular age group or gender, however males and younger adults are notably impacted. The explanations for alcohol-related deaths are diverse and embrace acute poisonings, accidents, and persistent ailments corresponding to liver cirrhosis, most cancers, and cardiovascular ailments.11
World deaths as a result of alcohol consumption
Based on the WHO report from 2019, roughly 2.6 million deaths worldwide had been instantly attributable to alcohol consumption. This accounts for 4.7% of all deaths in that 12 months. Alcohol is a significant risk to public well being. Of those deaths, two million affected males and 0.6 million affected girls, indicating the next threat for males.12
Significantly alarming: Within the 20 to 39-year-old age group, alcohol-related deaths accounted for 13% of all deaths. The causes are acute (e.g., alcohol poisoning, visitors accidents) and persistent (e.g., liver ailments, most cancers, cardiovascular ailments).
The World Burden of Illness Examine 2019 estimated that alcohol brought about 116.0 million misplaced life years (DALYs), equal to 4.6% of world DALYs. Though alcohol-related deaths per 100,000 folks decreased by 20.2% from 2010 to 2019, absolutely the quantity stays excessive as a result of inhabitants progress.13
Regional variations in alcohol-related mortality
The mortality charge as a result of alcohol consumption varies drastically worldwide. The WHO areas with the best charges are the European Area with 52.9 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants and the African Area with 52.2 deaths.14
Excessive consumption ranges and frequent binge consuming are chargeable for this. Within the European Union, the place alcohol consumption is the best worldwide, 93,000 folks died from alcohol-related cancers in 2020.
This reveals: Excessive consumption results in excessive mortality. In areas like North Africa and Western Asia, the place much less alcohol is consumed, mortality charges are decrease. Decreasing alcohol consumption can considerably decrease mortality.
Influence on bodily well being
Alcohol consumption harms almost all organ programs. Persistent consumption causes extreme coronary heart, liver, and neurological ailments. These sicknesses closely burden these affected and healthcare programs. Remedy is lengthy, expensive, and painful. Prevention by way of lowered alcohol consumption or abstinence is the very best safety.
- Cardiovascular ailments:
The connection between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular ailments is advanced and controversially mentioned in science. Some older research prompt that reasonable alcohol consumption would possibly shield the guts.
Nevertheless, newer analyses present that these advantages had been as a result of flaws within the research. Present science clearly proves: Any quantity of alcohol will increase the chance of sure cardiovascular ailments. Persistent and heavy alcohol consumption results in hypertension, coronary heart rhythm issues, cardiomyopathy, and stroke.
Within the USA, the variety of deaths from alcohol-related cardiovascular ailments rose from 30,814 (2018-2019) to 37,317 (2020-2021). Some research prompt that reasonable consumption would possibly cut back the chance of coronary coronary heart illness by way of larger HDL ldl cholesterol and blood-thinning results.
Nevertheless, newer analysis reveals that these advantages are outweighed by dangers for stroke and coronary heart rhythm issues. The World Coronary heart Federation states that alcohol will not be good for coronary heart well being. Many well being organisations advise towards selling alcohol for a wholesome way of life.15
The liver processes alcohol and is especially vulnerable to wreck from it. Persistent and heavy alcohol consumption causes alcoholic liver illness (ALD), starting from fatty liver to hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and liver most cancers.
Based on the Nationwide Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), liver ailments corresponding to ALD and cirrhosis had been a standard reason behind alcohol-related deaths between 2015 and 2019. The Institute for Well being Metrics and Analysis (IHME) estimates that 28% of all deaths from cirrhosis and different liver ailments are attributable to heavy alcohol consumption.16
Cirrhosis of the liver outcomes from years of extreme alcohol consumption, changing wholesome tissue with scar tissue and resulting in liver dysfunction. In extreme instances, this can lead to liver failure and demise. Individuals with cirrhosis have a considerably elevated threat of liver most cancers.
WHO information from 2020 present that liver most cancers is likely one of the most typical alcohol-related cancers. Alcohol is a transparent set off for extreme, life-threatening liver ailments.17
- Elevated threat of dementia:
Alcohol consumption will increase the chance of dementia, as proven by a big 2025 research in ‘BMJ Proof Based mostly Medication’, which analysed information from the US Million Veteran Program and the UK Biobank. Any quantity of alcohol doubtless elevates the dementia threat.18
The research used observational information and genetic strategies and located that the extra alcohol consumed, the upper the chance. Earlier research thought reasonable consuming lowered dementia threat. This was doubtless incorrect as a result of folks with early cognitive issues typically drink much less alcohol.
A genetic evaluation confirmed {that a} one-standard-deviation improve in weekly drinks raises dementia threat by 15%. Doubling alcohol issues will increase the chance by 16%. Even small quantities of alcohol don’t decrease the chance. No alcohol can stop dementia.19
- Psychological sickness and habit:
Ingesting alcohol and psychological sicknesses are intently linked. It really works each methods. Typically folks drink alcohol to alleviate their psychological issues like nervousness or despair. That is like self-medication. However alcohol may trigger or worsen psychological issues.
Alcohol suppresses the nervous system. This results in temper swings, nervousness, and sleep issues. When somebody drinks quite a lot of alcohol for a very long time, the mind modifications. Its construction and performance turn out to be completely different. This will increase the chance of extreme psychological sicknesses. Alcohol habit can also be known as Alcohol Use Dysfunction (AUD). It’s a persistent, recurring sickness. Individuals compulsively drink alcohol regardless of the hurt it causes. AUD is quite common worldwide. It closely burdens these affected, their households, and society.
Alcohol has many unfavorable results on psychological well being. These results fluctuate, and there’s a lot proof for them. Individuals who drink alcohol typically have extra despair, nervousness issues, and different psychological sicknesses.
A research from Australia on psychological well being from 2020 to 2022 reveals one thing. 21.5% of individuals aged 16 to 85 had a psychological dysfunction previously 12 months. Anxiousness issues had been the commonest at 17.2%. On this group, 38.8% of younger folks aged 16 to 24 had a psychological dysfunction in 12 months. This implies younger individuals are at excessive threat.20
The COVID-19 pandemic has made these issues even worse. A 2021 research discovered this out. Individuals with psychological sicknesses drank extra alcohol through the pandemic. This improve made their psychological well being worse.
The connection between alcohol and suicide could be very regarding. The NIAAA (Nationwide Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) states that Alcohol Use Dysfunction (AUD) is the second most typical psychological dysfunction amongst individuals who die by suicide. It’s concerned in about one in 4 suicides.21 The CDC (Centres for Illness Management and Prevention) estimates one thing. 21.0% of people that died by suicide had a blood alcohol degree of 0.1% or larger. These numbers imply one thing. Alcohol will not be solely a threat for suicide. It additionally worsens impulse management. 22
- Alcohol dependence (Alcohol Use Dysfunction):
Alcohol Use Dysfunction (AUD) is a standard and extreme sickness that impacts many individuals. Based on the Nationwide Survey on Drug Use and Well being (NSDUH), in 2020, roughly 28.3 million folks within the USA aged 12 or older had an AUD. This accounts for about 10.2% of the inhabitants on this age group.23
Many younger adults are notably affected. The information point out that 39% of people aged 18 to 25 use unlawful medication, with alcohol being some of the generally used substances alongside them. Somebody who tries an unlawful drug earlier than the age of 15 has a 6.5 occasions larger threat of growing a substance use dysfunction in comparison with somebody who waits till the age of 21 or later.24
The figures for remedy within the UK present an analogous sample. Within the interval from 2020 to 2021, 76,740 adults had been in remedy for alcohol issues, accounting for about 28% of all adults in remedy for substance points. On this group, the gender distinction was smaller than for drug issues, with 58% males and 42% girls. The massive variety of folks needing remedy makes it clear that alcohol consumption is a really vital hazard.25
Social and societal penalties
The unfavorable penalties of alcohol consumption prolong past particular person well being and have an effect on society as a complete. Alcohol consumption is intently linked to many social challenges, corresponding to violence, crime, incapability to work, poverty, and household breakdown.
The connection between alcohol consumption and violence is well-documented. Alcohol impairs clear pondering, weakens the power to regulate impulses, and may result in elevated aggression in behaviour. The Pan American Well being Organisation (PAHO) states that dangerous alcohol consumption is related to many penalties for well being and societal life, corresponding to accidents and violence.26 The Organisation for Financial Co-operation and Growth (OECD) experiences that alcohol consumption is a threat issue for home violence and youngster abuse.27
One other space the place alcohol performs a harmful and lethal position is in visitors accidents. Based on the NIAAA, alcohol-related accidents brought about 13,524 deaths in 2022, accounting for 32% of all deadly visitors accidents.28
These figures make it clear that alcohol is a significant reason behind deadly accidents on the roads. The mixture of alcohol-related violence and these accidents highlights the hazard that alcohol poses to the security of all folks.
- Influence on household and group:
Alcohol abuse causes deep and harmful hurt to households and communities. Kids and companions of these affected undergo from emotional, psychological, and bodily violence. Such kids typically develop their very own habit issues and long-term emotional injury later in life. Household cohesion breaks down, resulting in separations, divorces, and social decline. These results influence not solely the quick household however your complete group. Alcohol abuse will increase crime, accidents and weakens social cohesion. Based on American Dependancy Centres, alcohol impairs pondering and bodily perform, resulting in the neglect of duties at work, house, and college. 29
Islam affords an answer
Contemplating all these issues of alcohol consumption, Islamic teachings present that Islam is a faith that seeks to avoid wasting folks not solely spiritually but additionally when it comes to well being and society. Islam prohibits the consumption of alcohol.
The Islamic stance on alcohol didn’t develop all of the sudden however emerged progressively by way of a phased revelation within the Quran and Hadith, at a time when alcohol consumption was very widespread in society. Islam has protected people, households, and full communities from the extreme unfavorable penalties of alcohol. For that reason, alcohol was declared forbidden, or haram, to safeguard the bodily, emotional, and religious well being of people.
The primary stage of revelation concerning alcohol is present in Surah al-Baqarah. On this early section of Islam, when the society in Medina was nonetheless being established and the previous habits from the time of ignorance, the so-called jahiliyyah, had been nonetheless deeply rooted, the believers got an preliminary restriction.
يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْخَمْرِ وَالْمَيْسِرِ ۖ قُلْ فِيهِمَا إِثْمٌ كَبِيرٌ وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ وَإِثْمُهُمَا أَكْبَرُ مِن نَّفْعِهِمَا
“They ask thee regarding wine and the sport of hazard. Say: ‘In each there’s nice sin and in addition some benefits for males; however their sin is larger than their benefit.” (Surah al-Baqarah, Ch.2: V.220)
This revelation got here as a direct response to the questions of the companions of Prophet Muhammadsa, who inquired in regards to the permissibility of those practices, which had been quite common in society on the time. The verse acknowledges that alcohol, or khamr, and playing, maysir, can certainly have some advantages, but additionally a terrific evil, known as ithm kabir.
The profit would possibly lie in medicinal benefits, whereas the evil factors to the dangerous results on the person and the group. Nevertheless, the core message of the verse lies within the clear weighing: the evil far outweighs the profit. This preliminary restriction served as a wake-up name for the believers, urging them to look at their actions extra intently and contemplate the results of their behaviour. A few of the companions took this trace severely and stopped consuming instantly, whereas others continued their previous behavior as a result of the verse didn’t but pronounce a transparent prohibition.
The second stage of restriction was revealed in Surah an-Nisa. This verse launched a extra particular regulation intently tied to the spiritual practices of Muslims:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَقْرَبُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَأَنتُمْ سُكَارَىٰ حَتَّىٰ تَعْلَمُوا مَا تَقُولُونَ
“O ye who consider! strategy not Prayer when you find yourself not in full possession of your senses, till you already know what you say.” (Surah an-Nisa, Ch.4: V44)
The explanation for this revelation was a reported incident that clearly demonstrated the risks of alcohol consumption for the religious duties of Muslims. Some companions had drunk alcohol at a feast and had been intoxicated when the time for the night prayer, the Maghrib prayer, arrived. They selected an iam who, as a result of his drunkenness, recited the Quranic verses incompletely through the prayer. This incident clearly confirmed that intoxication and the psychological readability required for worship are incompatible.30
Due to this fact, the verse prohibited believers from performing the prayer in a state of intoxication and emphasised with the phrases “ till you already know what you say” that full psychological presence and consciousness are important for connecting with God.
This second stage supplied a good stronger indication that alcohol is incompatible with the core of Islamic observe.
The third and closing stage of revelation fully and definitively prohibited alcohol. This clear prohibition is present in Surah al-Ma’idah:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْخَمْرُ وَالْمَيْسِرُ وَالْأَنصَابُ وَالْأَزْلَامُ رِجْسٌ مِّنْ عَمَلِ الشَّيْطَانِ فَاجْتَنِبُوهُ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ
“O ye who consider! wine and the sport of hazard and idols and divining arrows are solely an abomination of Devil’s handiwork. So shun every one among them that you could be prosper.” (Surah al-Ma’idah, Ch.5: V91)
These verses are the clearest and strictest assertion within the Quran concerning alcohol, ruling out any permission for believers to devour it. These verses are very clear and stringent. Alcohol (khamr) will not be solely described as one thing with extra hurt than profit however as a rijs (filth) and a device of Devil.
Alcohol destroys social concord and the religious connection to God. The command fajtanibuhu (Keep away from it!) will not be recommendation however a transparent order. This verb means to actively and fully steer clear of alcohol. The revelation of this verse was a turning level for the Muslim group. When Prophet Muhammad (sa) proclaimed this verse, the believers reacted instantly and decisively.
It’s narrated that the streets of Medina overflowed with poured-out wine as folks destroyed their shares.31 This swift and collective response demonstrates the deep acceptance and obedience of the early Muslims to the divine command. The prohibition was now full and unequivocal.
Hadiths on the subject of alcohol
The Hadiths, the recorded sayings and actions of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (sa), function the second main supply of Islamic jurisprudence, offering detailed interpretation and supplementation of the Quranic verses. One necessary matter is alcohol. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (sa) said clearly: Alcohol is forbidden. Not solely consuming it, but additionally producing or promoting it. The statements of Prophet Muhammad (sa) concerning alcohol are clear and depart no room for interpretation. An necessary precept he established is that any substance that intoxicates in giant portions can also be forbidden in small portions.
مَا أَسْكَرَ كَثِيرُهُ فَقَلِيلُهُ حَرَامٌ
“What intoxicates in giant quantities can also be Haram in small quantities.”32
This assertion is essential as a result of it ends discussions about “secure” or “reasonable” alcohol consumption. It recognises the creeping hazard of habit and prevents a single glass from being seen as innocent, as it will possibly result in dependency. Islam units a transparent boundary to forestall this downside. One other necessary level of the Hadiths is the curse upon all those that are concerned with alcohol.
The Holy Prophet Muhammad (sa) mentioned:
لَعَنَ اللَّهُ الْخَمْرَ وَشَارِبَهَا وَسَاقِيَهَا وَبَائِعَهَا وَمُبْتَاعَهَا وَعَاصِرَهَا وَمُعْتَصِرَهَا وَحَامِلَهَا وَالْمَحْمُولَةَ إِلَيْهِ
“Allah has cursed alcohol – and likewise the one who drinks it, the one who serves it, the one who sells it, the one who buys it, the one who presses it (from fruits), the one for whom it’s pressed, the one who transports it, and the one to whom it’s transported.”33
This complete curse reveals that the prohibition doesn’t solely apply to shoppers however to your complete chain from manufacturing to consumption. It’s a mandate for the Muslim group to steer clear of alcohol and never take part in its distribution. The curse signifies a distancing from God’s mercy, which is a severe warning for believers. Moreover, the Hadiths emphasise that alcohol consumption is incompatible with true religion.
Alcohol can also be known as the “key to all evil” as a result of it clouds judgment and lowers the edge for different sins, corresponding to adultery, theft, or violence. These statements of the Prophet (sa) reveal the holistic view of Islam, which connects physique, thoughts, and spirituality.
The knowledge behind the prohibition
Why does Islam prohibit alcohol? As a result of it harms the physique, thoughts, and group. Those that drink lose well being, cause, and closeness to God. The prohibition merely protects towards all of this, and science at the moment confirms this.
Safety of bodily and psychological well being
A main cause for the alcohol prohibition in Islam is the safety of bodily and psychological well being. Islam teaches that alcohol could have some advantages, corresponding to its use as a solvent in drugs or perfumery. Nevertheless, the hurt, particularly when consumed as a leisure substance, far outweighs the profit. The Quranic assertion “In each is nice evil and a few profit for folks; however their evil is larger than their profit” displays a transparent weighing that prioritises avoiding hurt.
Alcohol consumption is linked to many ailments, which in Islam are thought of dangerous to the physique. This perception was revealed by Islam over 1,400 years in the past, lengthy earlier than trendy drugs scientifically proved these connections. The influence on psychological well being can also be a key cause. Alcohol impairs psychological readability, judgment, and the power to assume rationally. The mind (’aql) is a central idea in Islam, enabling people to differentiate between good and evil, take duty, and acquire religious perception.
Alcohol, which “covers” the thoughts (khamr actually means “overlaying”), is seen as an assault on this important human high quality. It lowers inhibitions and promotes impulsive behaviour, which may result in additional sins and dangerous actions.
Islam protects people from this lack of psychological management, as a transparent thoughts is the muse for a accountable life and the fulfilment of spiritual duties.
Preservation of social order and household peace
Preserving social order and household peace is a central cause for the prohibition of alcohol in Islam. The Quran clearly states that Devil seeks to “fire up enmity and hatred amongst you” by way of alcohol and playing. This assertion exactly describes the social penalties of alcohol consumption, that are evident at the moment within the type of violence, home disputes, divorces, and neglect of youngsters. Islam locations nice significance on defending the household as the muse of society, and something that threatens this unit is taken into account a hazard.
The knowledge of the prohibition lies in its preventive impact. Islam is a community-oriented religion that prioritises the well-being of the group (Umma) over particular person needs. Due to this fact, it’s a societal obligation to keep away from practices that hurt the group. The alcohol prohibition is a transparent instance of this social ethic. It calls on believers to forgo private pleasure to guard the well-being of your complete society, particularly when that pleasure poses dangers to others.
Abstract
Scientific proof: Trendy drugs reveals that there is no such thing as a secure degree of alcohol consumption. Alcohol causes most cancers, together with breast, colon, and oesophageal most cancers. In 2020, alcohol led to over 741,000 new most cancers instances and a pair of.6 million deaths worldwide.
Social and financial burden: Alcohol causes violence, accidents, home violence, and destroys households. The financial prices as a result of misplaced productiveness, healthcare bills, and burdens on the justice system are very excessive.
Islamic knowledge: Islam prohibited alcohol progressively to guard well being, social order, and religious readability. The ahadith of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (sa) emphasise the strictness of the prohibition and embody your complete provide chain.
Alignment of science and religion: Scientific findings affirm the explanations for the Islamic prohibition of alcohol. Right now’s well being and social penalties align with the warnings of the Quran and Hadith.
Endnotes
1. Harriet Rumgay et al., World burden of most cancers in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based research, The Lancet Oncology, Vol. 22, August 2021, pp. 1071–1080
2. Ibid.
6. Harriet Rumgay et al., World burden of most cancers in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based research, The Lancet Oncology, Vol. 22, August 2021, p. 173
8. U.S. Surgeon Normal’s Advisory on Alcohol and Most cancers Danger, U.S. Division of Well being and Human Companies, Workplace of the Surgeon Normal, January 3, 2025
9. https://ascopost.com/points/august-25-2025/alcohol-associated-cancer-death-rates-are-climbing/
10. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00729-5
11. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/element/alcohol
13. Nationwide, regional, and world statistics on alcohol consumption and related burden of illness 2000–20: a modelling research and comparative threat evaluation, The Lancet Public Well being, Vol. 10, 2025
14. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/element/alcohol
15. Alcohol and the worldwide burden of most cancers: what are we lacking?, The Lancet Oncology, Vol. 22, August 2021, p. 1048
16. https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/health-topics/alcohol-use
17. Ibid.
18. Alcohol use and threat of dementia in various populations: proof from cohort, case–management and Mendelian randomisation approaches,” BMJ Proof-Based mostly Medication, 2025, p. 1
19. Ibid.
20. Nationwide Examine of Psychological Well being and Wellbeing, 2020-2022,” Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2023
21. Berglund M, Ojehagen A. The affect of alcohol consuming and alcohol use issues on psychiatric issues and suicidal habits. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(7 Suppl):333S-345S
22. Alpert HR, Slater ME, Yoon YH, Chen CM, Winstanley N, Esser MB. Alcohol consumption and 15 causes of deadly accidents: a scientific overview and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2022;63(2):286-300
23. Key Substance Use and Psychological Well being Indicators in the US: Outcomes from the 2020 Nationwide Survey on Drug Use and Well being,” Substance Abuse and Psychological Well being Companies Administration, October 2021, pp. 1-2
24. Addressing the Vital Well being Drawback of Adolescent Substance Use By way of Well being Care, Analysis, and Public Coverage,” Journal of Adolescent Well being, Vol. 50, 2012, p. 431
26. https://www.paho.org/en/subjects/alcohol
27. Stopping Dangerous Alcohol Use, OECD Well being Coverage Research, 2021, p. 7
28. Nationwide Middle for Statistics and Evaluation, Nationwide Freeway Visitors Security Administration. Overview of Motor Automobile Crashes in 2022 [Internet]. Washington: U.S. Division of Transportation; 2024 Apr [cited 2024 May 15], p. 18
29. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcohol/support-recovery/household
30. Al-Wahidi, Asbab an-nuzul, Surah an-Nisa’, Hadith 316
31. Sahih Al-Bukhari, Kitab al-mazalim, Bab sabbi al-khamri fi t-tariq, Hadith 2464
32. Sunan Abi-Dawud, Kitab al-ashriba, Bab an-nahy ‘an al-muskir, Hadith 3681
33. Sunan Abi-Dawud, Kitab al-ashriba, Bab al-‘inab yu‘sar lil-khamr, Hadith 3674
