UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 7 February 2026 covers essential present affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims examination and MCQs on essential articles
InstaLinks : Insta Hyperlinks enable you suppose past the present affairs subject and enable you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of those points. These linkages offered on this ‘trace’ format enable you body doable questions in your thoughts which may come up(or an examiner may think) from every present occasion. InstaLinks additionally join each subject to their static or theoretical background.
Desk of Contents
GS Paper 3:
-
World Local weather Governance
-
Chemical Gasoline Leak in India
Content material for Mains Enrichment (CME):
-
TN City Greening Coverage 2026
-
Altering blue-collar labour dynamics within the Gulf
Info for Prelims (FFP):
-
Agni-3 Intermediate-Vary Ballistic Missile
-
Central Sector Scheme of Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)
-
Denotified Tribes (DNTs)
-
Deep Tech Begin-ups
-
Chabahar Port
Mapping:
-
Mount Aconcagua
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 7 February 2026
GS Paper 3:
World Local weather Governance
Supply: TH
Topic: Setting
Context: The worldwide local weather governance discourse shifted after COP30 at Belém, Brazil, branded because the World Mutirão (collective effort).
- Nevertheless, the summit drew criticism for procedural optimism with out substantive motion, because it implicitly accepted a 1.5°C overshoot whereas failing to safe binding local weather finance or fossil-fuel phase-out
About World Local weather Governance:
What it’s?
- Local weather governance refers back to the internet of worldwide treaties, home legal guidelines, and institutional frameworks (just like the UNFCCC) designed to coordinate world motion to mitigate greenhouse gasoline emissions and adapt to local weather impacts.
Present Structure of World Local weather Governance:
- The Twin-Observe System: Governance revolves across the CMP (Kyoto Protocol) and the CMA (Paris Settlement), working like hop-on, hop-off buses that keep diplomatic movement however lack a compulsory closing vacation spot.
- Consensus-Based mostly Veto: Selections require consensus amongst practically 200 nations, which successfully grants each social gathering a veto and results in diluted closing texts that prioritize political face-saving over ecological necessity.
- The World Mutirão Framework: Launched at COP30, this framework emphasizes voluntary, people-led, and multi-stakeholder cooperation (civil society, youth, indigenous teams) relatively than strictly binding state obligations.
- Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF): A shift towards stricter Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) programs supposed to carry nations accountable for his or her Nationally Decided Contributions (NDCs).
Information & Statistics:
- Document Emissions: World greenhouse gasoline emissions reached an all-time excessive of 57.4 GtCO₂e in 2024, with India recording the best absolute rise amongst G20 nations.
- Finance Hole: Developed nations pledged to triple adaptation finance to $120 billion by 2035, but growing nations require an estimated $2.4 trillion – $3 trillion per yr.
- Temperature Trajectory: Present insurance policies put the world on a path towards 2.8°C of warming, far exceeding the 1.5°C aim established a decade in the past in Paris.
- Adaptation Deficit: Regardless of new pledges, solely about $32 billion was directed towards adaptation in 2022, leaving a large safety hole for susceptible communities.
Challenges Related:
- Implementation Illness: Pledges are sometimes made and not using a binding timetable or particular funding sources.
E.g. Whereas India has an bold 500 GW non-fossil capability goal, roughly 40 GW of tasks have confronted delays as a result of unsigned Energy Sale Agreements and transmission bottlenecks.
- Progress vs. Sustainability: Financial imperatives typically override ecological restraints in growing economies.
E.g. The clearing of the Nice Nicobar Island challenge in 2024–25 highlighted the strain between strategic infrastructure growth and the safety of biodiversity and carbon sinks.
- Coal Dependency: Heavy reliance on base-load coal energy makes a speedy phase-out politically and economically troublesome.
E.g. The Indian authorities lately permitted an addition of 80 GW of recent coal capability by 2032 to make sure grid stability, complicating long-term decarbonization.
- City Local weather Vulnerability: Fast urbanization lacks built-in local weather resilience, resulting in City Warmth Islands.
E.g. Cities like Delhi and Mumbai are more and more reporting temperatures 3–5°C greater than surrounding rural areas as a result of concrete density and lack of inexperienced cowl.
- Brief-termism in Politics: Local weather change is commonly considered as a distant abstraction in comparison with fast wants like meals and employment.
E.g. The 2024–25 Wayanad landslides and varied city flooding occasions had been handled primarily as catastrophe administration duties relatively than triggers for long-term local weather governance reform.
Main Initiatives Taken:
- Tropical Forests Perpetually Facility (TFFF): A proposed $125 billion fund launched at COP30 to compensate nations and indigenous individuals for preserving standing forests.
- PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana: India’s huge push to put in rooftop photo voltaic in 10 million households, aiming to decentralize energy and cut back emissions.
- Loss and Injury Fund Operationalization: The formal opening of the fund for purposes at COP30, geared toward offering monetary reduction to nations hit hardest by local weather disasters.
- World Implementation Accelerator (GIA): A voluntary framework launched to assist nations align their home insurance policies with the 1.5°C mission by way of technical assist.
Means Forward:
- Legally Binding Roadmaps: Shifting from voluntary encouragement to particular, time-bound fossil-fuel phase-down schedules for all main emitters.
- Reform of Worldwide Finance: Redesigning the worldwide monetary structure to supply low-interest, long-term local weather loans to rising economies.
- Subnational Governance: Empowering state and metropolis governments to steer adaptation efforts, as native contexts outline local weather dangers.
- Nature-Based mostly Options: Integrating Blue-Inexperienced infrastructure (mangroves, city forests) into metropolis planning to fight heatwaves and flooding.
- Common Insurance coverage: Increasing Local weather Danger Insurance coverage to guard smallholder farmers and coastal communities from the growing frequency of utmost climate.
Conclusion:
The present state of local weather governance is a paradox: we’ve got created extra platforms and frameworks than ever earlier than, but world emissions proceed to rise to report ranges. COP30’s World Mutirão underscores that whereas worldwide cooperation is the one means ahead, it stays fragile and secondary to nationwide pursuits. Because the 1.5°C aim slips additional out of attain, the main focus should shift urgently from diplomatic theatre to the speedy mobilization of trillions in finance and the novel safety of our remaining pure ecosystems.
Chemical Gasoline Leak in India
Supply: TOI
Topic: Catastrophe Administration
Context: The latest gasoline leak at Sainex Met Chem Pharma in Sarigam GIDC, Valsad, has sparked contemporary issues relating to industrial security in India’s chemical hubs after 4 people, together with the unit proprietor, had been hospitalized.
About Chemical Gasoline Leak in India:
What it’s?
- A chemical gasoline leak is the unintentional launch of hazardous gaseous substances or vapors into the surroundings, typically ensuing from gear failure, human error, or chemical reactions.
- These leaks can contain poisonous gases (e.g., Chlorine, Ammonia), flammable gases (e.g., LPG, Methane), or asphyxiants that displace oxygen.
Chemical Leak Information & Statistics in India
India’s speedy industrialization has led to a excessive density of chemical models.
- Main Accident Hazard (MAH) Models: India has over 1,861 MAH models unfold throughout 300 districts, in response to the Nationwide Catastrophe Administration Authority (NDMA).
- Latest Developments: Between 2021 and 2024, India reported a mean of 15–20 important chemical accidents yearly, primarily within the Chemical Belt of Gujarat and Maharashtra.
- Casualty Charge: Over the past decade, chemical accidents in India have resulted in roughly 250+ deaths and over 500 main accidents.
- The Gujarat Hub: Gujarat alone accounts for practically 35% of India’s chemical manufacturing, making it probably the most susceptible state to industrial gasoline leaks.
- Small-Scale Vulnerability: Almost 60% of chemical mishaps happen in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) the place security audits are sometimes much less rigorous than in massive MNCs.
Notorious Chemical Leaks in India:
| Incident | 12 months | Chemical Concerned | Influence |
| Bhopal Gasoline Tragedy | 1984 | Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) | World’s worst industrial catastrophe; hundreds killed. |
| Vizag Gasoline Leak | 2020 | Styrene Gasoline | 12 deaths; hundreds fell in poor health close to LG Polymers plant. |
| Surat Gasoline Leak | 2022 | Hazardous Waste Gasoline | 6 employees died after inhaling fumes from a tanker. |
| Ludhiana Gasoline Leak | 2023 | Hydrogen Sulfide | 11 individuals died as a result of gasoline emanating from a sewer line. |
| Vapi Chemical Blast | 2024 | A number of Reactants | Massive-scale hearth and poisonous smoke evacuation in GIDC. |
Challenges Related:
- Enforcement of Security Audits: Many models bypass common strain vessel testing.
E.g. Within the 2026 Valsad leak, preliminary stories recommend the reactor’s integrity was compromised, but it was operational.
- Proximity of Residential Areas: Industrial zones (GIDC) are sometimes too near employee colonies.
E.g. Throughout the 2020 Vizag leak, the gasoline reached residential villages inside minutes as a result of the plant lacked a enough inexperienced buffer zone.
E.g. Within the 2023 Ludhiana incident, authorities couldn’t determine the gasoline supply for hours, delaying the proper medical therapy for victims.
- Casual Labor Danger: Contractual employees are sometimes not educated in Cease-Work authority or PPE use.
E.g. Within the 2022 Surat tanker leak, employees had been uncovered as a result of they had been unaware of the hazardous nature of the waste being dumped.
- Aged Infrastructure: Many reactors in India’s older GIDCs have exceeded their 20-year security lifespan.
E.g. Frequent pipe bursts within the Ankleshwar industrial property (2025) have been attributed to the corrosion of decades-old chemical conduits.
NDMA Pointers to Deal with Chemical Leaks:
- Danger Mapping: Identification of MAH models and making a Zone of Influence map for surrounding communities.
- Buffer Zones: Sustaining a compulsory No-Development Zone round hazardous chemical storage.
- Emergency Response Facilities (ERCs): Establishing 24/7 facilities geared up with specialised Hazmat fits and neutralizing brokers (like sodium bicarbonate).
- Mock Drills: Mandating quarterly joint drills between the manufacturing unit, hearth division, and native hospitals.
- Medical Preparedness: Guaranteeing native hospitals have Antidote Banks particular to the chemical compounds utilized in close by industries.
The Means Forward:
- Digital Monitoring: Implementation of IoT-based sensors on all reactors to supply real-time strain alerts to the GPCB.
- Stricter Penalties: Transferring past closure notices to heavy prison legal responsibility for homeowners if security protocols are skipped.
- Hazardous Waste Monitoring: Utilizing GPS-enabled monitoring for all chemical waste tankers to stop unlawful dumping.
- Public Consciousness: Utilizing SMS-based early warning programs to alert residents inside a 5km radius the second a leak is detected.
- Inexperienced Chemistry: Incentivizing pharmaceutical models to change to much less risky solvent alternate options to reduce gasoline cloud dangers.
Conclusion:
The Valsad gasoline leak is a sobering reminder that industrial progress should not come at the price of human security. Whereas the 4 victims are recovering, the incident underscores the systemic gaps in reactor upkeep and emergency cordoning. Strengthening the oversight of the Gujarat Air pollution Management Board and adopting Security-by-Design is the one approach to stop the subsequent main chemical tragedy.
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 7 February 2026 Content material for Mains Enrichment (CME)
TN City Greening Coverage 2026
Context: Tamil Nadu City Greening Coverage 2026 was launched by Tamil Nadu CM to reinforce city inexperienced cowl and construct climate-resilient cities.
About TN City Greening Coverage 2026:
What it’s?
- The TN City Greening Coverage 2026 is a complete state coverage framework to systematically increase and handle inexperienced areas in city areas, integrating local weather motion, biodiversity conservation, and city livability.
Key options
- City Native Our bodies (ULBs) to keep up at the least 15% inexperienced cowl, contributing to the state’s long-term 33% greening aim.
- Creation of a devoted City Forest Wing below the Municipal Administration & Water Provide Division and a state-level coordination committee.
- Promotion of city forests (kurunkadugal), micro-forests, biodiversity parks, mangroves, and agroforestry inside city and peri-urban areas.
- Preparation of metropolis biodiversity plans, city greening micro-plans, geospatial mapping, carbon accounting, and real-time dashboards.
- Provision for inexperienced charges, incentives primarily based on City Greening Elements, and integration of greening into all departmental tasks.
- Adoption of Urban Inexperienced Livability Pointers (Nature-based Options Institute, Sweden) and the Metropolis Biodiversity Index (Singapore Index).
Significance
- Helps mitigate city warmth island results, enhance air high quality, and improve local weather adaptation.
Relevance in UPSC examination syllabus:
- GS Paper II (Governance): Function of state governments, city native our bodies, coverage implementation, cooperative federalism.
- GS Paper III (Setting & Local weather Change): Urbanisation challenges, sustainable growth, local weather resilience, nature-based options.
- Essay / Case research: Sustainable cities, climate-responsive governance, balancing growth and ecology.
Altering blue-collar labour dynamics within the Gulf
Context: The United Arab Emirates has emerged as the highest abroad vacation spot for Indian blue-collar employees, overtaking Saudi Arabia in 2025.
About Altering blue-collar labour dynamics within the Gulf:
What it’s?
The development signifies a reorientation of Indian blue-collar migration inside the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), with employees more and more preferring locations providing greater wages, higher security, and steady employment situations.
Key tendencies:
- UAE surge: In 2025, 200,686 Indian employees migrated to the UAE, surpassing Saudi Arabia (136,812), reversing earlier patterns.
- Combined GCC tendencies:
- Decline in Qatar as a result of put up–World Cup infrastructure slowdown.
- Rise in Oman reflecting renewed building and manufacturing exercise.
- Greater remuneration: UAE wages are estimated to be 15–30% greater than comparable regional roles, particularly in building and manufacturing.
- Non-economic pull components: Geographic proximity to India, shorter journey time, safer residing situations, and tax-free revenue enabling greater remittances.
Significance
- Enhance to remittances: Greater earnings and tax-free salaries improve overseas remittance inflows to India, strengthening family incomes and foreign exchange reserves.
- Labour market responsiveness: Highlights how Indian migrant labour rapidly adapts to regional demand cycles and coverage environments.
Relevance in UPSC examination syllabus:
- GS Paper II (Worldwide Relations): India–Center East relations, labour mobility, diaspora points.
- GS Paper III (Financial system): Remittances, labour markets, migration economics.
- Essay: Globalisation, labour migration, and growth linkages.
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 6 February 2026 Info for Prelims (FFP)
Agni-3 Intermediate-Vary Ballistic Missile
Supply: PIB
Topic: Safety
Context: India efficiently test-fired the Intermediate-Vary Ballistic Missile (IRBM) Agni-3 from the Built-in Check Vary, Chandipur, Odisha validating its operational readiness.
About Agni-3 Intermediate-Vary Ballistic Missile:
What it’s?
- Agni-3 is an Intermediate-Vary Ballistic Missile (IRBM) able to delivering strategic payloads to targets as much as 3,000 km. It varieties an important leg of India’s land-based nuclear deterrent below the Agni missile sequence.
Developed by
- Defence Analysis and Growth Organisation (DRDO)
- Operationally deployed below the Strategic Forces Command
Goal
- To make sure credible minimal deterrence in opposition to long-range adversarial threats.
- To offer India with a dependable second-strike functionality.
- To strengthen strategic depth past short- and medium-range missile programs.
Key options
- Vary: ~3,000 km.
- Sort: Intermediate-Vary Ballistic Missile.
- Launch platform: Highway-mobile launcher (canisterised variants examined earlier).
- Payload functionality: Typical or nuclear warhead.
- Steering: Superior inertial navigation with excessive accuracy.
- Propulsion: Two-stage solid-fuel missile.
- Operational validation: All technical and operational parameters efficiently validated within the 2026 check.
Significance
- Strategic deterrence: Enhances India’s capacity to discourage threats throughout prolonged regional theatres.
- Pressure readiness: Confirms reliability of India’s nuclear supply programs below operational command.
- Missile spectrum protection: Enhances Agni-1, Agni-2, Agni-4 and Agni-5, masking the 700–5,000 km vary band.
CCentral Sector Scheme of Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)
Supply: PIB
Topic: Authorities Scheme
Context: The Authorities of India has accomplished the formation of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) below a central sector scheme, with 21.96 lakh girls farmers.
About Central Sector Scheme of Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs):
What it’s?
- A central sector scheme to type and nurture 10,000 new FPOs throughout India, enabling small and marginal farmers to collectivise manufacturing, processing, and advertising and marketing for higher incomes and market energy.
Launched in: 29 February 2020
Implementing Businesses (IAs):
-
- Small Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC)
- Nationwide Financial institution for Agriculture and Rural Growth (NABARD)
- Nationwide Cooperative Growth Company (NCDC)
- Nationwide Agricultural Cooperative Advertising Federation of India (NAFED)
Goal: To construct a sustainable, income-oriented farming ecosystem by strengthening farmer collectives, bettering entry to inputs, credit score, expertise, worth chains, and markets, and enhancing farmers’ bargaining energy.
Key options:
- Cluster & commodity strategy: Produce-cluster-based formation aligned with One District One Product (ODOP).
- Monetary assist:
- As much as ₹18 lakh/FPO (3 years) for handholding
- Matching fairness grant as much as ₹15 lakh/FPO (₹2,000 per farmer)
- Credit score assure as much as ₹2 crore challenge mortgage per FPO
- Market linkage: NAFED-led ahead linkages and value-chain integration.
- Capability constructing: Structured coaching by way of BIRD (Lucknow) and LINAC (Gurugram).
- Inclusion focus: Robust participation of ladies farmers and protection of aspirational districts.
Significance:
- Empowers small & marginal farmers (≈86%) by way of economies of scale.
- Greater incomes & decrease prices: Proof reveals ~22% greater value realisation and ~31% decrease advertising and marketing prices by way of FPO channels.
Denotified Tribes (DNTs)
Supply: TH
Topic: Miscellaneous
Context: Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNTs) have demanded a separate column and code within the 2027 caste Census, arguing that they’ve been politically misclassified inside SC, ST and OBC classes.
About Denotified Tribes (DNTs):
Who they’re?
- Denotified Tribes, also referred to as Vimukta Jatis, are communities that had been collectively branded as prison tribes throughout British rule. These teams are largely nomadic or semi-nomadic, traditionally depending on occupations reminiscent of pastoralism, salt buying and selling, acrobatics, snake charming, transport companies, and artisanal work.
Historic background:
- In 1871, the colonial authorities enacted the Prison Tribes Act, declaring total communities as hooked on crime by start.
- Members had been subjected to fixed surveillance, restricted motion, pressured registration, and social ostracisation.
- The regulation was repealed in 1952, after Independence, and the communities had been formally denotified, giving rise to the time period Denotified Tribes.
- Nevertheless, the Recurring Offenders framework changed the colonial regulation, permitting police to proceed focusing on these teams, perpetuating stigma.
Key traits:
- Excessive social exclusion: Persistent stigma of being born criminals continues in policing and society.
- Administrative invisibility: Many DNTs lack caste certificates, domicile information, or land titles.
- Instructional deprivation: In a number of areas, total communities have negligible secondary-level training.
- Financial precarity: Seasonal migration, casual labour, and absence of steady livelihoods dominate.
- Political misclassification:
- Most DNTs have been absorbed into SC, ST, or OBC lists, the place they’re unable to compete with comparatively superior teams.
- Round 260 communities aren’t categorised wherever, leaving them exterior reservation and welfare frameworks.
Significance:
- Ensures DNTs are precisely counted for the primary time in India’s historical past.
- A devoted Schedule would acknowledge their distinctive historic injustice, distinct from caste-based discrimination.
Deep Tech Begin-ups
Supply: TH
Topic: Economics/Science and Know-how
Context: The Centre has formally outlined and notified eligibility standards for ‘deep tech’ start-ups by way of a DPIIT gazette notification.
About Deep Tech Begin-ups:
What it’s?
- Deep tech start-ups are enterprises that construct options primarily based on new scientific or engineering information, involving excessive technical uncertainty, lengthy gestation intervals, and intensive analysis and growth (R&D), relatively than incremental or platform-based innovation.
Organisations concerned:
- Division for Promotion of Business and Inner Commerce (DPIIT): Closing authority to certify start-ups and deep tech start-ups.
- Anusandhan Nationwide Analysis Basis (ANRF): Custodian of the ₹1 lakh crore RDI Fund, a key financier for deep tech ventures.
Eligibility standards:
- Core exercise should contain creation of recent information in science/engineering.
- Main expenditure on R&D actions.
- Possession or energetic creation of novel mental property (IP) with plans for commercialization.
- Characterised by lengthy growth timelines, excessive capital/infrastructure wants, and scientific/technical danger.
- Prohibition on non-core investments (e.g., actual property, speculative belongings, securities) until integral to information creation.
- Necessary utility to DPIIT for certification.
Key options:
- Prolonged recognition window: As much as 20 years (vs 10 years for normal start-ups).
- Greater turnover threshold: As much as ₹300 crore (vs ₹200 crore).
- Coverage-backed financing: Entry to concessional long-term finance (reported ranges of 2–4% curiosity, tenure as much as 15 years).
- Governance oversight: Certification guided by an inter-ministerial technical board.
Significance:
- Channels affected person capital to high-risk, high-impact innovation (AI, semiconductors, biotech, quantum, superior supplies).
- Aligns public R&D funding with commercialization pathways by way of ANRF’s RDI Fund.
Chabahar Port
Supply: HT
Topic: Worldwide Relations
Context: Iran has reaffirmed its assist for the Chabahar Port challenge and deeper cooperation with India regardless of uncertainty arising from renewed U.S. sanctions and the doable expiry of the sanctions waiver.
About Chabahar Port:
What it’s?
- Chabahar Port is Iran’s solely oceanic deep-sea port, developed as a multipurpose business and strategic port to facilitate regional commerce, transit, and connectivity between South Asia, Central Asia, and the Center East.
Location:
- Located in southeastern Iran, in Sistan–Baluchestan province
- Lies on the Gulf of Oman, with direct entry to the Indian Ocean
- Round 170 km west of Gwadar port (Pakistan), making it geopolitically important
Historic background:
- First conceptualised within the Nineteen Seventies below the Shah of Iran; progress stalled after the 1979 Iranian Revolution
- Gained significance throughout the Iran–Iraq Struggle (1980–88) as a substitute for Persian Gulf ports
- India–Iran cooperation started in 2003, however sanctions delayed implementation
- In 2016, India, Iran and Afghanistan formalised cooperation to make use of Chabahar as a transit hub
- India took over port operations in 2018; a 10-year contract was signed in 2024, together with a $250 million Line of Credit score
Key options:
- Contains two terminals: Shahid Kalantari and Shahid Beheshti
- Designed to deal with container, bulk, and multipurpose cargo
- Functionality to berth massive ocean-going vessels, in contrast to Bandar Abbas
- Built-in with highway–rail tasks connecting Iran to Afghanistan and Central Asia
- A part of the broader Worldwide North–South Transport Hall (INSTC) imaginative and prescient
Significance
- Strategic for India:
- Bypasses Pakistan to entry Afghanistan and Central Asia
- Enhances India’s function in Eurasian connectivity
- Geopolitical leverage: Acts as a counter-balance to China-backed Gwadar Port below CPEC
- Financial significance: Facilitates commerce, humanitarian assist (e.g., wheat shipments to Afghanistan), and regional integration
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 7 February 2026 Mapping:
Mount Aconcagua
Supply: Information on Air
Topic: Mapping
Context: Indian mountaineer Kabak Yano from Arunachal Pradesh efficiently summited Mount Aconcagua in Argentina as a part of her 7-Summit Mountaineering Expedition.
About Mount Aconcagua:
What it’s?
- Mount Aconcagua is the best mountain in South America and the Western Hemisphere, and the tallest peak exterior Asia. With an elevation of about 22,831 toes (6,959 m), it is among the most difficult non-technical climbs among the many Seven Summits.
Situated in: Argentina
- Located in western Mendoza Province, close to the Argentina–Chile border
- A part of the Southern Andes mountain vary
Geological options:
- Volcanic origin, although it’s not an energetic volcano.
- Contains two summits (North and South) linked by a ridge referred to as Cresta del Guanaco.
- Shaped by advanced tectonic uplift of the Andes, relatively than volcanic cone-building.
- Reveals excessive situations reminiscent of skinny air, excessive winds, and sub-zero temperatures, making altitude illness a significant problem.
Significance:
- Geographical: Highest level within the Western Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.
- Mountaineering: One of many Seven Summits, attracting climbers worldwide.
- Scientific: Topic of long-standing debates over exact elevation utilizing GPS expertise.
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